Source:  MD Linx

Source:  Dentistry.co.uk

Source:  Dr.Bicuspid.com

by Heidi Stevenson

16 June 2010

In pure science, an experiment is neither successful nor a failure. Even if the results are the opposite of what the researchers expected or hope for, information is gained. Sadly, in the era of Big Pharma, scientists are expected to produce predetermined results. Occasionally, though, they tell the truth anyway.

The Journal of Negative Results came into being recently to report on trials that didn’t have the intended results. This month, the journal has published a report of a study that demonstrated “intense bone loss” in rats with periodontal disease given venlavaxine, the generic term for Effexor.

Effexor is owned by Pfizer, but the patent expires this year. As often happens, the company is frantically trying to find a new use for it before the expiration, in the hope of gaining a new patent.

Periodontal disease, which is a common condition of gum inflammation that can lead to bone and tooth loss, was instigated in the study’s rats. They were given Effexor shortly before surgical treatment and for ten days after. The amount of bone loss at the site of periodontal induction averaged 1.61 mm (+/- 1.36 mm) without Effexor and 4.47 mm (+/- 1.98 mm) with Effexor. The drug caused close to three times more bone loss. Higher doses equated with greater bone loss.

The authors state:

Thus we show for the first time that SNRIs such as venlafaxine are likely to worsen the bone loss in periodontal disease.

Recent studies have shown a connection between periodontal disease and depression. The results of this study, though, must open the question of whether the use of antidepressants may be the real cause of increased periodontal disease. Certainly, anyone who already has periodontal disease—a large percentage of us—should think twice before considering taking Effexor or any other SNRI.

Edinburgh University scientists have found reducing gum inflammation in people with diabetes can help minimise complications with the condition.

It is thought when bacteria infect the mouth causing inflammation the chemical changes reduce effectiveness of insulin and raise the levels of blood sugar.

Treatment to reduce inflammation may therefore help reduce blood sugar.

The findings are published as part of the international Cochrane Collaboration.

Dental institute

The team, including researchers from UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Peninsula Dental School and Ottawa University, said their findings highlighted the need for doctors and dentists to work together in the treatment of people with diabetes.

Dr Terry Simpson, honorary research fellow at Edinburgh University’s dental institute, who led the study, said: “This research confirms that there may be a link between serious gum disease and diabetes.

“It highlights the role dentists can play in managing the condition, given that gum disease is very treatable.

“By far the most important aspect of diabetes management is the use of insulin, drugs and diet to control blood sugar levels but maintaining good dental health is something patients and healthcare professionals should also recognise.

“Although the benefit in terms of insulin management is small, anything we can do to promote the wellbeing of people with diabetes should be welcomed.”

Gum disease ‘linked to heart problems’

Excellent oral hygiene could prevent heart attacks, by stopping dangerous bacteria entering the bloodstream, a British study shows.

THE SHEER number of bacteria which can live in an unhealthy mouth – more than 700 strains – increases the risk of heart disease, regardless of how fit a person is.

Evidence is now developing that links the oral bacteria of gum disease and chronic teeth infections to increased incidence of heart disease.

The germs create thousands of tiny blood clots, which can cause a narrowing of the arteries; a common cause of attacks.

More than 2.5 million people in Britain suffer from heart disease, and one British adult dies from the condition every three minutes.

The disease is characterised by the restriction of blood to the heart, which can cause an attack.

Studies have previously shown a link between having gum disease and an increased likelihood of suffering from heart disease or a stroke. However, they have struggled to explain why the conditions are linked until now.

Professor Howard Jenkinson, from the University of Bristol, who led the study, said: “The mouth is an easy entry for nasty bacteria. Once inside the blood stream the platelets, which help the blood to clot, latch onto the bacteria. This can cause a blood clot, which can detach and travel to the heart. This is more worrying if the blood clot actually forms on the heart’s ventricle.”

He added: “We now recognise that bacterial infections are an independent risk factor for heart diseases, and there are now suggested links with cancer as well. In other words it doesn’t matter how fit, slim or healthy you are, you are adding to your chances of getting heart disease by having bad teeth.” Gum disease is the most common reason behind tooth loss in adults, which shows how extremely common it is.

HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO PREVENT GUM DISEASE AND DENTAL PROBLEMS

For most people, sticking with common sense tips can head off problems. If you keep your mouth clean, it is very hard for the bacteria that cause periodontal disease to get started. You will also reap other benefits – fewer fillings, healthier gums, a brighter smile and fresh breath confidence.

We have always known that a little prevention goes a long way but we used to think of it in terms of avoiding cavities and things like that. Now it seems that by using your toothbrush and your floss / mini brushes, you might also be preventing much more serious health problems down the road.”

Source:  roundtownnews.co.uk

Images

A new study reveals that green tea contains antimicrobial molecules called catechins that may promote dental health.

Researchers found that people aged 40-64 who drank one cup of green tea a day were less likely to lose teeth, reports www.news.discovery.com.

The research, published in Preventive Medicine, sugests that drinking at least one cup of green tea a day increases the odds of keeping your teeth as you age.

The researchers suspect that antimicrobial molecules called catechins present in green tea and, in lesser amounts in oolong tea, provide the benefit. But that sweetener may negate the effect, the team found.

Alfredo Morabia, of Columbia University in New York and editor of Preventive Medicine, says: ‘Green tea may have bacteriocidal effects, which would affect teeth, but only if you drink it without sugar.’

Yasushi Koyama, of the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, and his team looked at more than 25,000 Japanese men and women between age 40 and 64 in making the determination.

They found that men who drank at least one cup of tea a day were 19% less likely to have fewer than 20 teeth than those who did not drink green tea. Tea-drinking women had 13% lower odds.

Catechins have been shown to kill mouth bacteria associated with tooth decay and gum disease, so the researchers suspect this is what gives green tea its dental benefits.

Samuel Low, of the University of Florida College of Dentistry and President of the American Academy of Periodontology, says: ‘Previous research has indicated that regular consumption of green tea may lead to a lower instance of periodontal disease, a leading cause of tooth loss in adults.’

Referring to the systemic association between healthy teeth and gums and a healthy body, he adds: ‘That is why it is so important to find simple ways to boost periodontal health, such as regularly drinking green tea – something already known to possess certain health-related benefits.’

Source: Dentistry.co.uk

Not according to official guidelines for assessing patients’ caries and periodontal disease risk factors. But the latest research, including a pair of studies published this month, suggests that genes could account for as much as half of an individual’s propensity toward caries and periodontitis.

“We do believe there is a strong genetic component,” said Alexandre Vieira, D.D.S., Ph.D., senior author of both papers and an assistant professor of oral biology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine.

Someday, he said, dentists will be able to analyze their patients’ genes, then prescribe new medicines enhancing their ability to resist caries and periodontitis. While cautioning that this day has not yet arrived, Dr. Vieira outlined intriguing evidence for the possibilities.

In his first paper, published online April 6 by the Journal of Dental Research, Dr. Vieira and colleagues from the University of Pittsburgh and Ondokuz Mayis University looked at variations in a gene known as DEFB1 (defensin, beta 1). This gene produces beta-1 defensins, a type of protein that attacks bacteria and viruses and signals other immune responses. Earlier research, they said, found that people secrete these beta-1 defensins into their mouths in response to the presence of microbes.

The researchers used data from 296 University of Pittsburgh dental patients who had given saliva samples. They found no correlation between variants of DEFB1 and periodontal disease. But they did find that patients who had one variant (rs11362, or G-20A) were more than five times as likely to have decayed, missing, or filled teeth than patients without that variant (p = 0.007). On the other hand, patients with the rs179946 (G-52A) variation were only a third as likely to have this kind of damage to their teeth (p = 0.014).

The perio families

In the second study, published in the online journal PLoS One (April 2010, Vol. 5:4, pp. 1-10), Dr. Vieira teamed up with 11 colleagues from the University of Pittsburgh and six Brazilian institutions. The researchers recruited 389 Brazilian individuals in 76 nuclear families that included both parents of children with aggressive periodontitis.

The researchers took saliva samples from these subjects and studied genes from a region of chromosome 1 that had previously been implicated in periodontal disease. They compared whether the patients had inherited more or less than half of the variants from one parent. They found an association between the disease and two variants of the gene FAM5C.

“This gene has been associated with heart patients,” Dr. Vieira said. “It’s very interesting to see the same gene associated with this disease.”

In a separate phase of the study, the researchers took biopsies of gingival tissue from 57 healthy Brazilians and 46 Brazilians with aggressive periodontitis and found significantly greater signs of the protein coded by the FAM5C gene in the disease tissue than in the healthy tissue.

Since the FAM5C gene makes a protein involved in the mitochondria — the energy-producing part — of a cell, it appears to make cells go into overdrive. Much of the damage caused by periodontitis results from inflammation, so ramping up the activity of cells in the process might make the damage worse, Dr. Vieira theorizes.

He imagines that one day researchers might put something like beta-1 defensin in pills or toothpaste that could attack Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria that cause the disease. On the other hand, they might want to find a substance that can suppress the FAM5C protein to calm inflammation of patients with aggressive periodontitis.

What to do

All that’s off on the horizon, though. Is there anything doctors can do now to make use of this knowledge?

Some leading dental organizations, including the ADA, are already encouraging practitioners to divide their patients into different categories depending on their risk of caries, then apply more extensive preventive measures — such as more frequent professional cleaning and the use of fluoride, sealants, chlorhexidine, and xylitol — to the patients at greatest risk. Some experts are advising a similar approach for periodontitis.

But Dr. Vieira thinks it’s too early to add family dental history to the risk assessment forms for these dental diseases. “Family history suggests not only genetic components but a set of behaviors,” he said. “If mom and dad don’t care about brushing their own teeth, it’s likely the kid will not see a toothbrush for several years.”

Dentists already ask patients about these behaviors, so finding out about the parents would be redundant, he said. And even if they did ask the question, they might not get the right answer since patients can’t always answer detailed questions about their relatives’ dental health. “Usually the dentist does not examine the parent,” he pointed out.

Douglas Young, D.D.S., M.B.A., M.S., an associate professor of dentistry at the University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry who helped devise the California Dental Association’s (CDA) caries risk assessment form, agrees that it’s too early to revise that document with a dental family history question.

“There is no validation,” he said. “We used 2,000 to 3,000 charts at UCSF [the University of California San Francisco] to validate the CDA form. There are very few studies that correlate genes to future caries.”

But it won’t hurt for dentists to ask their patients about their parents’ oral health, according to Dr. Young. “It’s a good question to ask. I just don’t know what to do with the answer,” he said.

Copyright © 2010 DrBicuspid.com

Much of our time as dental hygienists is focused on caring for patients’ periodontal health, with an emphasis on calculus removal and prevention of periodontal disease. However, there is a growing push for the hygiene community to become more actively involved with caries prevention, beyond the typical practices of home-care instruction and evaluation. Several years ago, dental professionals began organizing the outlines of what would become known as Caries Management by Risk Assessment. The CAMBRA protocols represent a shift for the dental profession, from simply treating caries to actively working to prevent it by addressing its bacterial cause.  More »